Humak Citation Guide: Tables, diagrams, and images

Humak uses three categories of different visualizations that enrich the text:

• Tables are tables. 
• All kinds of diagrams, graphs, and other figures are figures. 
• Photos and other images are images.

All visualizations are numbered so that each type has its own sequential numbering:  

• Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 etc. 
• Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 etc. 
• Image 1, Image 2, Image 3 etc.

The premise is that if a table, figure or image is detached from its context (e.g. the body text), it must function independently.

 

All visuals have their own table, figure, or image text. It forms an inseparable pair with the visualization and acts as an explanatory element. The premise is that if a table, pattern or image is detached from its context (e.g. body text), it acts independently, that is, it (and its associated text) include all elements relevant to the reader’s ability to understand it.

 

The table text is placed above the table, whereas figure and image text comes below them. The texts are smaller than normal body text so that they stand out clearly. The text always starts with the numbering of the table, figure, or image. This is followed by a colon and an explanation of the contents of the table, figure or image. The texts contains detailed information related to the contents of the table/figure/image. If they include cited content, this content is referenced in the table, figure or image text.
 

• Table 1: Reasons artists apply to the become an artist project. Scale 0 = no significance, 5 = very high significance. N=10–11.

The name of the photographer and year is added to photos. If a visualisation has been formatted by someone other than the author, their name is added to the text. If known, the year of the visualisation is added in brackets. Although this is similar to a source reference, the information is not repeated in the list of sources. If the image/table has been previously published, the information of that work will be normally referenced in text and added to the list of sources. 
 

• Image 3: The finished mural is an impressive sight in Peltosaari. The weatherproof work will delight visitors for a long time, as the building is not intended to be demolished until 2026. Image 3: Emma Abendstein (2016).
• Figure 3: The stages of action research. Graphics: Nina Luostarinen (2016).

When using another person’s figure, you can re-draw it so long as the content is not changed. This helps you to retain the look of your own work. However, a reference to the original source still needs to be made. The reference is as follows:
 

• Figure 2: The order of the universe based on Muttialainen (2002, Figure 7).

You might also choose to borrow part of a figure or table and add your own data. In this case, the figure or table text must clearly indicate which part is borrowed. For example:
 

• Figure 2: Order of the Universe. The description of the Big Bang is based on Muttilainen’s view (2002, Figure 7).

If a table, figure or image is cited in the text, it is referenced by its number, not by a page number. If the source you are citing uses other titles for tables, figures, and images, you naturally use them. In English sources, common names include, for example, Table, Fig., Figure, and Plate). Figures are also often expressed in Roman numerals.
 

• As researcher Matti Laukkanen shows (2018, graph IX), the organizational structure is quite complex.